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User question:
Biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
GPT o1 answer:
Biomarkers are critical in diagnosing and assessing the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). These biomarkers provide insights into inflammation, lipid metabolism, myocardial injury, and other processes contributing to CAD. Here are the key biomarkers commonly used:
1. Lipid Profile
•Total Cholesterol: High levels increase CAD risk.
•Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C): “Bad cholesterol” directly linked to atherosclerosis.
•High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C): “Good cholesterol” inversely related to CAD risk.
•Triglycerides: High levels associated with CAD risk, particularly in metabolic syndrome.
2. Inflammatory Markers
•C-Reactive Protein (CRP): High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is used to assess inflammation and predict CAD risk.
•Interleukin-6 (IL-6): A pro-inflammatory cytokine linked to atherosclerosis.
•Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): Elevated levels correlate with CAD severity.
3. Cardiac-Specific Markers
•Troponins (cTnI, cTnT): Highly specific markers of myocardial injury, used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
•Natriuretic Peptides (BNP/NT-proBNP): Useful in assessing heart failure risk, often coexisting with CAD.
4. Coagulation Markers
•Fibrinogen: Elevated levels are a risk factor for thrombosis and CAD.
•D-Dimer: Indicates thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis, often elevated in acute CAD events.
5. Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Markers
•Homocysteine: Elevated levels are associated with vascular damage and CAD.
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